In particular, thick-tufted layer 5 (TTL5) neurons are one of the most extensively studied cell types in the neocortex ( Larkman, 1991a DeFelipe and Fariñas, 1992 Markram et al., 1997a for review see Spruston, 2008). Pyramidal neurons exist in all layers of the neocortex except layer 1, forming the most abundant neuron type. These neurons are classified into excitatory pyramidal neurons and local circuit interneurons, which are predominantly inhibitory. The mammalian neocortex is endowed with a daunting diversity of neurons. This review summarizes key discoveries and identifies potential avenues of research to facilitate an integrated and unifying understanding on the role of a central neuron in the neocortex. Several studies over the past decades have investigated the anatomy, physiology, synaptology, and pathophysiology of the TTL5 neuron. The TTL5 neuron integrates input across all neocortical layers and is the principal output pathway funneling information flow to subcortical structures.
By virtue of having the widest local axonal and dendritic arborization, the TTL5 neuron encompasses various local neocortical neurons and thereby defines the dimensions of neocortical microcircuitry. The thick-tufted layer 5 (TTL5) pyramidal neuron is one of the most extensively studied neuron types in the mammalian neocortex and has become a benchmark for understanding information processing in excitatory neurons. Blue Brain Project, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland.
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